Tabloidization in media.

Tabloidization is when there is an increase in sensationalism and Dramatization in news coverage, with too much attention going to celebrity news and human interest stories that seen to crowd out important stories about international events and Government Issue resulting in them receiving little to no coverage.

We also see a change in the way politics is covered – talk of horse races etc and shouting matches on talk shows all of which detract from nuanced and detailed coverage of policy etc.

Tabloidization is following the audience – the media is a commercial body, it must provide what the audience wants to read and hear?

An audience cannot be well informed about the news if they are not hearing or reading it because they see it as boring or difficult.

The 6 Types of Documentary: part one Poetic

Poetic documentaries,

First appearing in the 1920’s, before sound was introduced to film, the poetic style relies on the visual imagery. The poetic documentaries is more about showing something then telling you anything. Just create moods in documentary through visual representation.

Dogma 95

Back in march 1995 a conference was held in Paris to celebrate cinema’s centenary. Throughout the celebration talks were being held to discuss the future of cinema. During that conference at the Odeon theatre, Lar von Trier and Thomas Vinterberg handed out 500 pamphlets. Outlining the principles of dogma 95.

Camera Techniques: Shot sizes

Wide shot

A wide shots can be used to call attention to the scenery or what happening around the subject. 

Medium wide shot

·         Still containing the scenery the action is taking place in, but also close enough to the actor to show expression. This type of shot is popular in documentaries.

Establishing shot

The opening shot or sequence of any film.  It’s used to set the scene and develop the tone. This is the first introduction the audience get to a film. The establishing can be shot in anyway, it can be a wide shot, mid-shot or an extreme close-up.

                                        

Medium shots

The medium shot or mid-shot is The Most common shot used in film.  In such the subject, actor and setting take up equal area in the frame. With a standing actor the frame would cut off at their waist.

Close-up

Close-ups have a much more dramatic effect then the long or medium shots. So they are favoured shot when wanting to convey a character emotion.

Extreme close-up

The extreme close is when the shot focus only on a single subject. Either to show a potential detail for the film. To highlight something that will become important to the story. Or to leave a message for the audience to figure out by themselves. Or just to show the audience something the director though was pretty cool.

Camera Movements

The Zoom 

When you go for a zoom, you’re not really moving the camera, instead you move the lens. 

By zooming out you create a wide shot and zoom in gives you a close-up.

The Pan 

When the camera is on a tripod you move the camera from left to right or right to left. You can also pan with the camera held firmly in your hands.

The Tilt

This is simpler to the Pan, but instead of moving the camera left to rights its move from up to down or down to up.

The Crab

Like with a Pan, but you walk with the camera left to right or right to left.

Do the Zoidberg.

Tracking

The tracking shot is when the camera is move. Be it to follow or move away from the subject. Tracking back can be used as establishing shot.

Hand-held

Just as the name suggest, this when the camera being held or supported by a harness on the cameraperson. Hand-held can be used to create a bouncy or jerky shot or create tension in a chase scene.

Irish Media: Historical Overview of Irish Broadcasting

1926    2RN    Wireless & Telegraphy Act, 1926                   Direct state control

Dublin, then Cork, national by the 30’s

New state, national identity/ culture

1960/1 RTE1   Broadcasting Authority Act, 1960                 RTE Authority, BCC 

                                                                                                British seepage

                                                                       

1972    Radio na Gaeltachta                                                  

1978    RTE 2                                                                          demand for choice

           

1979    Cable                                                                           Brought competition

1988    Private             Radio and Television Act, 1988

Cable & Satellite Competition, 1990s

Huge increase in number of channels

Competition for audiences and revenue

International operators

2012   arrive of SAORVIEW Ireland's first free digital television service. 

Public Service Broadcasting

Public Service Broadcasting

A number of broadcast systems developed around the world – two main ones are the BBC public service model and the American commercial model

USA – organized in order to deliver profits to owners

Broadcasting – PSB tradition in Europe

Technical, cultural and democratic reasons for intervention in the market

  The frequency used to broadcast radio and television signals was limited, which created a natural monopoly (era of scarcity; era of availability, era of plenty) 

  Governments chose to regulate the use of the frequency, ‘to guard against the familiar abuses of market dominance, most notably monopoly pricing and the retailing of inferior products’ (Humphreys, 1996: 113).

  Broadcasting as a public/ merit good

  Public utility/ service – for the public good (like health, education…)

Broadcasting as a Mass Medium

Compared to books and newspapers broadcasting brought both information and entertainment into the home and covers everyday subject matter

       Brought information & entertainment into the home

       Everyday subject matter

       Main source of information for many people – therefore plays an important role in politics

       Intimate relationship with broadcasting, more than other cinema or newspapers

       Live – bringing events to our home we have a god’s eye view of events and feel that we are part of them

       Mostly funded through advertising – commercial - subject to market forces

      Cable and satellite technology has fragmented the audience, but TV is still a mass medium - ‘the most    massive’ (McQuail, 2005: 35)

Radio

US: 1920

 Westinghouse in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania became the first US commercial broadcasting station to be licensed when it was granted call letters KDKA. 

UK:

BBC: 1922 

Ireland: 1926

**************

TV

US: 1940- transcontinental

Half of all U.S. households had TV sets by 1955

UK:

BBC – 1930s (suspended for the war, 1939 – 1946)

 Commercial, ITV, 1954

Ireland: 1960s

The auteur theory

The auteur theory is when a director is seen to have a way of making movie that seem to unique to their personal style, and it how this style continue from movie to movie following simpler traits. Director that are consider Auteur are seem to have comply artist control over their movies, (even if they don’t)

Auteur theory was a way of choosing the personal factor in artistic creation as a standard of reference, and then assuming that it continues and even progresses from one film to the next.

Auteur Theory suggests that the best films will bear their maker’s ‘signature’. Which may manifest itself as the stamp of his or her individual personality or perhaps even focus on recurring themes within the body of work? Alfred Hitchcock plays this idea up in most of his movies where he makes sure that he appears on screen in a brief cameo spot. This became a game that viewers would engage in, waiting to find out when he would appear.

Methods of montage

There are four different styles of  soviet montage

Metric where the editing follows a number of frames, cutting to the next shot no matter what is happening within the image. This montage is used to provoke the most basic and emotional of reactions in the audience  an example of metric montage from Eisenstein's October.

Rhythmic includes cutting based on time, but using the visual composition of the shots  along with a change in the speed of the metric cuts  to induce more complex meanings than what is possible with metric montage. Once sound was introduced, rhythmic montage also included audio elements (music, dialogue, sounds).An example of rhythmic montage would be the battleship Potemkin’s "Odessa steps" sequence.

Tonal a tonal montage uses the emotional meaning of the shots  not just manipulating the temporal length of the cuts or its rhythmical characteristics  to  provoke a reaction from the audience. For example, a sleeping baby would create a feeling of calmness and ease, and a storm would create a feeling of unease and a worry for what coming. A tonal example from Eisenstein's the battleship Potemkin . This is the part following the death of the sailor Vakulinchuk with the statues of the lion sitting up and becoming alert.

Intellectual uses shots which, combined, an intellectual meaning. intellectual montage example from Eisenstein's October and strikes. In Strike,  shots of striking workers being attacked cut with a shots of a bull being slaughtered creates a film metaphor suggesting that the workers are being treated like cattle. This meaning does not exist in the individual shots; it only can be view when they are put side by side

Soviet montage theory

Soviet montage theory

Before the communist revolution of 1917 the Russia film industry was very small and rely a lot on imported films from Europe. The first Russian base studio was only set up in 1908. It was only when world war one broke out when Russia films started to grow but even with no foreign competition the Russian film industry was still very underdeveloped with only three main  production studio being set up in the whole country. The reason for this was because the film industry was small due to the fact that the large Russian working class were too poor to attend the cinema. after the event of the 1917 the civil war and the soviet takeover by Lenin that follow, the film industry when through a major overhaul. Lenin saw cinema as a very important way of spending communist to a large worker population. The first group of films made during the civil war were mostly just  newsreels that were send around the country in travelling cinema to rural areas.

Soviet montage is a style of film-making that relies alot on editing. And makes extensive use of cuts, movement of the camera and changes of  the camera position, very much to set up new meanings not showed by the filmed action itself.  

Sergei Eisenstein January 23, 1898 – February 11, 1948 was a pioneering soviet Russian film .He is known well for his development in montage cross-cutting and editing skills noted in particular in his silent films  His clashes of shots were based on scale, volume, rhythm, motion (speed) as well as direction of movement within the frame, Eisenstein claimed that the new meaning that arises out of these clashes is the same phenomenon found in the course of historical events of social and revolutionary change. He favour the used of intellectual montage in his feature films such as Battleship Potemkin to portray the political situation surrounding the Bolshevik revolution .He also believed that intellectual montage expresses how everyday thought processes comes about. In this sense, the montage will in fact form thoughts in the minds of the viewer, and is thereby making montage a powerful tool for propaganda. In his film Strike, Eisenstein includes a sequence with cross-cut editing between the slaughter of a bull and police attacking workers. He then creates a film message, assaulted workers equal slaughtered bull. The result that he wished to produce was not simply to show images of people's lives in the film resulting more importantly to shock the viewer into understanding the reality of their own lives. this style of editing offers discontinuity in graphic qualities, It is not with the continuity as is found in the classical Hollywood system. It draws attention to itself because changes between shots are obvious. It is easiest to understand these as part of a range of values where, at one end, the image content matters very little, while at the other it determines everything about the choices and combinations of the edited film.

In his later writings, Eisenstein argues that montage, especially intellectual montage, is an alternative system to continuity editing. He claims that "Montage is conflict" where new ideas, appear from the crash of the montage sequence  resulting of a combination and where the new emerging ideas are not integral in any of the images of the edited sequence. A whole new concept comes into the state of existing.

Bibliography

Early soviet cinema, David Gillespie

A history of narrative film, David A. Cook|

The French new wave

During the 50’s and 60’s many film makers in many counties were starting to experiment with new style like the “angry young man” of  social realism in Britain cinema, in French, it was the new wave movement from French that became the most influential because of all involved coming from a background in film theory.

 The French new wave movement begin in 1958 to 1964 the directors that formed the main group of this movement were François Truffaut, jean luc godard, clande chabrol, Jacques rivette and Eric Rohmer others would later be associated with the new wave style later on.

Ralph Bakshi: animation in a new direction

Ralph Bakshi is an American director of both animation and live action. And in the 70’s he took animation in a new direction. Establishing an alternative to mainstream animation by making independent and adult base productions. Bakshi made his debut with fritz the cat released in 1972. It was the first animation to get an X rating from the motion picture association of American. And still remains the most successful independent animated movie of all time. Bakshi is known for his style of mixing animated sequence with live action one to crate a gritty and in his fantasy movies a since of but it his trilogy of mature animation movies that are his crowning achievements. As they tracked everything from racism, sex, violence, drugs, crime and instead of just exploited this things he picked at them to create a message in a very clever way about these topic especially on racism.

You Ain't Heard Nothin' Yet The story of the first Talkie

The entire movie industry now faced a major revamp as massive reinvestment was required to keep up with the public’s insatiable demand for ‘talkies’. Many so called experts within the movie industry, however, were of the firm opinion that the new craze for talkies would soon die out. Silent comedy veteran Charlie Chaplin was one who did not give the new breakthrough medium any credence. History, however, was about to prove how wrong he was.

Why the Irish film industry is said to be vulnerable to the vagaries of the international film marketplace,

   With the due date for the end of the section 481 incentives. A report was published known as the Kilkenny report in 1999 to look into the progress of the film board and to see in full detail the effectiveness of the tax incentive scheme, and mainly to address the issues that the Irish film production market could face in the future. The report resulted in the formation of the film industry strategic review group in 2001, chaired by Mr Ossie Kilkenny. The group main job was to keep an eye out in identify and recommend measures that would improve and support the film industry. Working with the department of arts, sport and tourism to set goals, targets and timeframes for production actity. Number of films being made, budget tracking and training of skills.

While in time the feedback from these board scheme where meeting there targets and the growth of the film industry positive.

In the end of 2006 in the IBE confederation annual review showed that Film production activity had been gone to slow down since 2003. This was mainly due to lost of international production in Ireland. Causing the film production falling by from 244 million in 2003 to 33.5 million in 2005. Although some low budget production continue on, but with the blow to the effect of the section 481 funding which was getting more  tie in with international business here then local. This saw employment drop to below a thousand in full time employment. Even though the film industry strategic review group in 1999 stated in there finding that there was a potential for employment would grow big time by 2010.

The main funding and support mechanism for the Irish film production sector

The Irish film industry is make up through the Irish film board establish back in 1980 with muiris mac conghail as chairman. The Irish film board started with a number of aims including promoting the creative and culture for a home and international market and audience. To support films project through development funding and finance investment. Also to encourage training of the technical and production staff. As well as assisting marketing the films abroad and to serve some priority to Irish as well as international productions. In the beginning the film board saw fruitful results. With over twenty five short films and documentaries. And causes more then twelve features length films to reach cinema and television screens in Ireland and around the world. Also raised employment and level of Skill required for production. While cause the value of the production activity in Ireland to grow from fourteen million in the period of 1982 to 1992. In 1986 the main responsibility of film was moved from the department of industry and commerce to the department of the Taoiseach.

A study of Media use in Ireland in 2011

Highest rated TV shows in Ireland in 2011

1.      The late late toy show

2.      The Eurovision song contest

3.      The Saturday night game live

4.      The frontline leaders debate

5.      Mrs brown’s boy Christmas special

6.      Mrs brown’s boy

7.      The Sunday night game hurling finals

8.      The late late show Eurovision special

9.      RTE News special Enda Kenny’s addresses the nation

10.  The rose of Tralee

11.  Prime time leader’s debate

12.  RTE special the queen’s speech

13.  President Obama’s visit

14.  The election 2011

15.  The late late show

16.  The new year eve show

17.  All Ireland talent show

18.  Series finale of love/hate

19.  RTE Six one news

20.  The all Ireland talent show final

Television

When it comes to the top  programmes on Irish television RTE one always come out on top in terms of viewer ship ever years. This due to the fact that RTE 1 having all the talk shows and news coverage. Also any new dramas made by rte are place on rte one because of the viewer ship. Unfortunately only two shows that made the list that where actually home produced. They are the Mrs Brown boys with the Christmas special and the final episode of the current series of love/hate.

 The Late Late Toy Show and the stand alone late late toy show which is the only time the show draws a universal audience of both adult and children in making it the most watched show on Irish television this year bring in I.5 million viewers. The highest view of the regular late late shows is the Eurovision episode.

This was a big year for Ireland and for Irish broadcasting. As live broadcasting the visit of both the queen of English and the president of American saw huge ratings for RTE one. As the queens visit was a historic moments that will be forever remembers in Irish history. And the American president’s visit was just Ireland trying to keep their main source of jobs happy and the president promotion his own public image back in American.

And then there was Eurovision song contest which normally doesn’t draw in that big of an audience but it was the first time in five years. This was due to Ireland sending an act that was very popular with the young teenage demography. It was also a very important year in terms of politic as there was the president election so as citizen people coming together via media to get information, shared idea and be involved in debates. So many of the programmes that made the top 20 where in fact either debates or the live results. Even with the Irish television and radio act of 1988 and the TWF directive which was set up so no counties could have a monopoly and reduce state intervention to support the public sphere. (The television without borders frontier) a large portion of television media came from Ireland its self last year.

The top 10 films in Ireland in 2011

1.      Bridesmaids

2.      Harry potter and the deathly hallows part 2 3D

3.      The guard

4.      The hangover part 2

5.      The inbetweeners

6.      The kings speech

7.      The twilight saga: breaking dawn part 2

8.      The smurfs 3D

9.      Pirates of the Caribbean: on stranger tides 3D

10.  Transformers: dark of the moon 3D

Film

When it comes to film Ireland produce very few movies. Ireland cinema viewing is dominated by American and British releases. Out of the top 20 highest grosses movies in the Irish box-office only one was Irish made. That movie was the guard and it came in a numbers three in the box-office chart. Almost all the other movie where blockbuster release in the summer session. Some using the new gimmick of 3D to draw in a big crowd. Only the guard and the king speech both film have a kind historic attachment with the Irish identity. The guard show a romantic view point of the rural Ireland. And the king speech being historic ground film in British history that Irish audience seen to find fascination. Even though only one of the movies in the top ten is Irish. There are three movies on this list that had taken advantage of the film boards tax incentives the S481.

Bibliography

digitaltimes.ie

Medialive.com

Theirishtimes.ie/ Mrs Brown boys

Theirishfilmboard.ie

Media imperialism in Ireland

‘Media imperialism refers to the processes whereby the ownership, distribution and content of media in any one country are subject to substantial external pressures from the media interests of any other country’ (Long and Wall, 209: 206).

There are very different levels of Media imperialism. Starting with the exporting of media to another country. Examples would be between Ireland and England, Then there ownership and control over said media from the country that supply it. So begins the back and over between the two counties lending to the deployment of productions norm, and the institutionalisation of media commercialism. Then there an integration of ideas and the views of the country bring in the media infringing on the views of the country its being exported to. Doing so affecting the viewpoint of those counties to margin with the standard of the county causing the integration. Affecting national identity both limited and sovereign. But in doing so creating imagined communities through media use.

The reproduction and reinterpretation of value, tradition, history and symbols make up the distinctive idea of a nations identity. And the identification of individuals with that shared pattern and heritage. (Smith, 2001:18 in O’Conner, 2008:506)

Robert Flaherty Man of Aran (1934)

Man of Aran was made in 1934 about the daily routine for the islander community of Inishmore off the western coast of Ireland.Showing the continue conflict of man versus nature. Flaherty’s goal was the re-creation of a culture that seems to be on the edges of modern society.Documenting their daily routine as they go about their struggles for survives as we see a boy fishing from a high up cliffs. Farming on poor farmland and hunting for sharks in harsh conditions.It’s well documented that more reconstruction was done for man of Aran then Nanook of the north. For example the family were not related they were picked because they look best on camera. It didn’t really matter that much because they were still islander that have been living on the island their whole lives.
 It portrays the characters living in the past even though most of the old fashion techniques they show had been left behind by the 1930’s. Flaherty was trying to repeat the very considerable success of Nanook with man of Aran. But he was hit with the problem that he found it very hard to actually get the funding to make the movie. And when he finally did it was not close to the amount he was hoping for which meant that were it came to film the usual vast quantities of film he would able to film as much as he first wanted to. Even though he have two cameras this time round where in Nanook of the north because of all the travelling around there was only one camera to use for the filming.

Robert Flaherty Nanook of the north (1925)

The film is not technically sophisticated; how could it be, with one camera, no lights, freezing cold, and everyone equally at the mercy of nature? But it has an authenticity that prevails over any complaints that some of the sequences were staged. If you stage a walrus hunt, it still involves hunting a walrus, and the walrus hasn't seen the script. What shines through is the humanity and optimism of the Inuit.

Film critic Roger Ebert

Robert Flaherty is considered to be the one of the founding fathers of documentary film. The term documentary itself was first used in a review of his first film Nanook of the north by john Grierson. 

Grierson states that “Flaherty’s films are not just moving pictures. They are experiences Flaherty is a country, which having once seen one never forgets”

Nanook of the north was first released in 1922 and was quite successful with movie goers

Being the first feature length documentary it appealed to a growing audience from seeing familiar setting in the Lumiere brother’s early film to an appetite for unfamiliar location and travelogues. It also would set the groundwork for future documentaries to go by. Nanook of the north is a film about an Inuit hunter and his family as they battle the elements in the Hudson Bay region of Canada. Nanook of the north is the best known of all the silent era documentaries. Part of a series covering the topic of humanity against nurture the dangers of nature and the struggle of the communities on the edge of existence.This series included man of Aran.

The genius of photography

The genius of photography 

The Genius of Photography is an 6-part episode documentary showed on BBC, showing the breakdown of the history, progress changes of photography as an art form and its role in history that begin from the 19th century to this day looking into the events and the important photographs that have started the photography movement. From the first photographic process called daguerreotype to digital camera, from portraits towards photo-journalism, from art to advertising. The film tells the story of the world’s best photographers. From the first photographs they had taken to the acknowledgement of photography. Tracking its process from its use as a just a leisure pastime to the digital age of photographs. The film contains interviews with photographers Martin Parr, William Eggleston, Jeff Wall, Juergen Teller, Nan Goldin, William Klein, Robert Adams, Sally Mann and Andreas Gursky, as a breakdown of the history of photography.

The fifth and last of the news filter is called 'anti-communism'

—  The fifth and last of the news filter that Herman and Chomsky identified was first  known as 'anti-communism'. You see, Manufacturing Consent was written during the Cold War. Back when communism was seeing as the great evil and American was the only one that could stop the red menace before it destroyed us all. These day however the filter is more known as the “enemy” western identification of 'the enemy' or an 'evil dictator' - Colonel Gaddafi, Saddam Hussein, but the main problem is that the mass media seem to be only able to forces on one enemy at a time. Even though Colonel Gaddafi has been abusing his own peoples human rights for decades did it get any attention in the media. Nope because Saddam Hussein was the one American was after so all the other evil dictator would have to wait their turn. The same extends to mainstream reporting of pretty much every time there a protest about anything concerning the government, the banks or flags. The media is there to abusing non violent activists of disturbing the peace. Or focusing in on a small group of trouble making within a group and generalise the whole group as one and the same.

  in summary, a propaganda approach to media coverage is highly political. Using propaganda in news coverage to build up the important of the main power holder
interests. All to serve political and commercial needs All through controlled, suppression of material that would be harmful to own goals, misleading publicity. Generalise groups preventing information from being published.

—  Bibliography
Manufacturing consent 1988 Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman

—  http://www.scribd.com/doc/3096406/Noam-Chomsky-1988-A-Propaganda-Model-Manufacturing-Consent-excerpt

—   

—  The Propaganda Model Revisited

—  http://www.viewpointonline.net/is-hermann-and-chomskys-propaganda-model-out-of-date.html

—   

—  The propaganda model: an overview David Cromwell

—  http://www.chomsky.info/onchomsky/2002----.htm

—   

The third filter is sources and the fourth filter is known as flak

—  The third filter is sources 

a     as the media prefers to go government sources or their own PR as they portray as being profession and seen as more relievable. And it saves the commercial mainstream media the cost of their own independent background check. They make their sources seem more credible even though they would be the ones most likely to water down and leave out information. To insure their own interest are kept safe. By controlling the supply of news they control the public interest in the information. An example of this would be coca cola new wildlife concerns for the polar bear. An animal that coca cola has been using as a mascot in the Christmas season adverts for years. All of a sudden are pushing for the protest of their habitat. The series of ads coca cola run are opposites one informs us that the polar bears are in trouble and need your help. But what they plan to do is never stated just buy coca and we’d see what we can do. But within ten minutes of that ad we are always treated to an advert of CGI polar bear having fun in the snow. All’s well and good until you really think about it. really coca cola doesn’t require your help saving the polar bears. If they improve they own business model and practices it would make the campaign almost completely pointless. This scheme really can be sum up as “give us your money so you can feel better about something that you didn’t care about until we told you to start caring about it”.

—   

—  The fourth filter known as flak is less about how the media is control and more about how the media control is enforces. Creating negative responses to content be it from a TV program, radio show or newspaper can take the form of complain? Corporate would create what's known as flak machines, which seek out news stories that disagree or harm the viewpoint they are trying to convey through mass media. Then process to attack that information through letters, reports, government involvement, counter articles that attack the creditable of the original.

Queer theory

Queer theory is based in gender and sexuality. 

Queer theory is made up of both a queer reading and theorisation on the idea of queerness itself. But since queer theory don’t refer to standard ideas of what seen as normal. Queer theorist take advantage of the term queer using it to include transsexuals, sado-masochists and all other marginalized sexualities as well as homosexual and heterosexuals. Like with the feminist movement the main goal is to look into the portray and overview of gender. Queer theory goes a step further and looks at it in two parts, the “role taking” part and the “self” part of the subject. But fall back into the same problem that feminism as a large focus of the theory is made on the main focus group. Like how the third wave feminist movement was made out to be only a group for middle aged white woman and leaving out others that don’t fix into that demography. It looks like the same is happening with queer theory as the main demography of the movement seems to be middle aged gay men. Others felt that you couldn’t include heterosexuals as they where alreally seen as the norm calling it heteronormativity.

Masculinity in cinema

Masculinity in cinema is certainly not a topic as detailed documented or discuss as feminism in cinema. It really wasn’t until both the feminist movement and the gay movement begin, and the rise of the underground movement of gay filmmakers calling themselves queer cinema. 
That starting rising the question of the representations of men on screen. Before this the topic was really not really talked about or analyzed fully. Heterosexual masculinity has always been seen more as the society norm compared to the representation of gays and woman. But Sometimes cinema acts as a mirror reflecting the changing mood of society over the years. As so each decade has changed it view on masculinity and the imagery and what would be referenced to it. Between the hard boiled dick Tracy’s of the 30’s and 40’s to the muscular super solider Schwarzenegger’s of the 90’s.

Iranian cinema

Iranian cinema is believed to be the most censored cinema in the world. 

Not because the content of the film explicit in anyway. In fact compare to Irish or British cinema the films themselves are quite tame. It has more to with the government control that over see the funding and making of the movies. And also put a cap on the content and subject matter of the films. 
This is all down to Iranian government and there society in general. In 1979, a revolution changed Iran from a constitutional monarchy to a republic based on sharia or Islamic law, founded by Ayatollah Rudolph khomini and begin a full on cultural reform in the country. As the Islamic cultural revolution work on as they called it “purged the country of western pollution”. 
And as cinema is viewed as a western of societies. Then this is no surprise as what can’t be said or done in Iran. The government is then not going to aloud those things to happen on the big screen for everyone to see and comment on. All film produced in Iran have to comply with strict rules and guidelines, this had led filmmaker to be very smart and good at getting around censorship. Be it by hireling actor that are related or by relying heavily on symbolism. A good example of a movie that used a lord of symbolism is a film called the cow made in 199 and made by someone the film is about a man and his cow and his interaction with the animal and the in and outs of his day. But on the outside the film just since to be about a man and his cow. But on the inside the cow representation the man s wife. The list of thing filmmakers has to work around is quite long.

In what way does battle royale work as an analogy for contemporary Japanese society?

In what way does battle royale work as an analogy for contemporary Japanese society?

Battle royale was directed by kinji fukasaku in 2002 and is a now a well known cult movie. The movie is base in a future Japan on the verge of social breakdown and a growing youth problem. In a move to stop the 80,000 out of control youth the government passes a law called the millennium reform act also known as the battle royale act. This aloud the government to pick a class completely at random force them to take part in the battle royale it which they would fight and kill each other until one remains.

 This movie is very violent and graphic in its content, but also can be seen for it deals with the social stereotypes in Japan movie and seem to challenge there ideas of these stereotypes and gender roles.

Is It manga or anime?

But why is anime always referring to as Manga? That has an easy answer. In the 90’s the main distributor of anime and Asia movies was Manga entertainment. For counties like Ireland this was the only access to anime. In fact some would say anime was easier to come by back in 90's Ireland then it is today. 

Back in the mid 1990’s anime was seen as a something only for hardcore nerds. There wasn’t really a lot of money to be made due to there being very small yet devoted audience. So a lot of the anime imported over where cheaply made OVA are that bombed in Japan. So company would pick them up on a cheaper licensing price. Resulting in a large majority of the early anime being released where poorly animated and dubbed mess.

— The second filter of the propaganda model is advertising.

—  The second filter of the propaganda model is advertising. 

All commercial media must sell themselves and their audiences to potential advertisers. As publications cannot relied on the revenue of sales any more, not like they use to back in the 19^th century as printing cost was low and demand was high.

—  Newspapers have to sell themselves to bring in the advertisers to cover the cost of publishing and keep the price of the newspaper down. This has lead to dependence on advertiser as the advertiser help keep down the price of production and cost of the newspaper. This puts advertiser in a position of great power as they can control what gets published. Also they can stop a story fully if they find that it is harmful to any of their interests. For any commercial publication, TV station or radio to survive it has to make sure it’s an advertiser-friendly median. 

— The propaganda model the its filters part one corporate ownership

—  The propaganda model the its filters

—   

—  “The mass media serve as a system for communicating messages and symbols to the general
populace. It is their function to amuse, entertain, and inform, and to inculcate individuals with
the values, beliefs, and codes of behaviour that will integrate them into the institutional
structures of the larger society. In a world of concentrated wealth and major conflicts of class
interest, to fulfil this role requires systematic propaganda.” Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman manufacturing consent 1988.

—   

—  In 1988 Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman published a book called the Manufacturing consent. Which introduce the propaganda model, the idea that the mass media is being controlled? To chop and change information that gets broadcasted on television or published in newspapers. All in order to shape and control public opinion. This is done through a series of five filters that determine what news becomes.  They are known as corporate ownership, advertising, sources, flak and anti communist.

—   

Mass media part two broadcasting (Ireland)

Broadcasting

Broadcasting as a Mass Medium
Compared to books and newspapers broadcasting brought both information and entertainment into the home and covers everyday subject matter and for a lot of people its there main source of information thereby making it an important tool in politics. Broadcasting is mostly funded by advertising so it can be used and changed by the market. Unlike newspapers and books broadcasting could bring the events to a larger audience and into people homes making them more aware of the politic and socially changes around them. Governments also recognised the social and political goodness of broadcasting. Seen as having potential to inform and influence, and even to influence voting behaviour

Mass Media part one print media

Mass Media

A basic starting point in beginning to understand the media more is to examine essential the role of media and the extent and range of interactions with the media. all forms of media use where you are exposed to mass media texts. It is important to consider the use of both traditional (radio, television, newspapers) as well as newer forms of media (Internet).possible of your everyday media interactions.

specific kinds of media usage and especially where the print and broadcast media the kinds of media genres.